Methods of treating bacterial inflammation and granulocytopoiesis by administering human pluripotent granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are novel polypeptides possessing part or all of the primary structural conformation and one or more of the biological properties of a mammalian (e.g., human) pluripotent granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (&#34;hpG-CSF&#34;) which are characterized in preferred forms by being the product of procaryotic or eucaryotic host expression of an exogenous DNA sequence. Sequences coding for part or all of the sequence of amino acid residues of hpG-CSF or for analogs thereof may be incorporated into autonomously replicating plasmid or viral vectors employed to transform or transfect suitable procaryotic or eucaryotic host cells such as bacteria, yeast or vertebrate cells in culture. Products of expression of the DNA sequences display, e.g., the physical and immunological properties and in vitro biological activities of isolates of hpG-CSF derived from natural sources. Disclosed also are chemically synthesized polypeptides sharing the biochemical and immunological properties of hpG-CSF.

This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/243,556, filed May16, 1994, now abandoned; in turn a File Wrapper Continuation of Ser. No.08/065,465 filed May 20, 1993, now abandoned; in turn a File WrapperContinuation of Ser. No. 07/269,885 filed Nov. 10, 1988, now abandoned;in turn a 1.60 Divisional of Ser. No. 06/835,548 filed Mar. 3, 1986 nowU.S. Pat. No. 4,810,643; in turn a Continuation-in-Part of Ser. No.06/768,959 filed Aug. 23, 1985, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND

The present invention pertains in general to hematopoietic growthfactors and to polynucleotides encoding such factors. The presentapplication pertains in particular to mammalian pluripotent colonystimulating factors, specifically human pluripotent granulocytecolony-stimulating factor (hpG-CSF), to fragments and polypeptideanalogs thereof and to polynucleotides encoding the same.

The human blood-forming (hematopoietic) system replaces a variety ofwhite blood cells (including neutrophils, macrophages, andbasophils/mast cells), red blood cells (erythrocytes) and clot-formingcells (megakaryocytes/platelets). The hematopoietic system of theaverage human male has been estimated to produce on the order of4.5×10¹¹ granulocytes and erythrocytes every year, which is equivalentto an annual replacement of total body weight. Dexter et al., BioEssays,2, 154-158 (1985).

It is believed that small amounts of certain hematopoietic growthfactors account for the differentiation of a small number of progenitor"stem cells" into the variety of blood cell lines, for the tremendousproliferation of those lines, and for the ultimate differentiation ofmature blood cells from those lines. Because the hematopoietic growthfactors are present in extremely small amounts, the detection andidentification of these factors has relied upon an array of assays whichas yet only distinguish among the different factors on the basis ofstimulative effects on cultured cells under artificial conditions. As aresult, a large number of names have been coined to denote a muchsmaller number of factors. As an example of the resultant confusion theterms, IL-3, BPA, multi-CSF, HCGF, MCGF and PSF are all acronyms whichare now believed to apply to a single murine hematopoietic growthfactor. Metcalf, Science, 229, 16-22 (1985). See also, Burgess, et al.J.Biol.Chem., 252, 1998-2003 (1977), Das, et al. Blood, 58, 630-641(1981), Ihle, et al., J.Immunol., 129, 2431 (1982), Nicola, et al.,J.Biol.Chem., 258, 9017 (1983), Metcalf, et al., Int.J.Cancer, 30, 773(1982), and Burgess, et al. Int.J.Cancer, 26, 647 (1980), relating tovarious murine growth regulatory glycoproteins.

The application of recombinant genetic techniques has brought some orderout of this chaos. For example, the amino acid and DNA sequences forhuman erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of erythrocytes,have been obtained. (See, Lin, PCT Published Application No. 85/02610,published Jun. 20, 1985.) Recombinant methods have also been applied tothe isolation of cDNA for a human granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factor. See, Lee, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.(USA), 82, 4360-4364 (1985) and Wong, et al., Science, 228, 810-814(1985). See also Yokota, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 81, 1070(1984), Fung, et al., Nature, 307, 233 (1984), and Gough, et al.,Nature, 309, 763 (1984) relating to cloning of murine genes, as well asKawasaki, et al., Science, 230, 291 (1985) relating to human M-CSF.

A human hematopoietic growth factor, called human pluripotentcolony-stimulating factor (hpCSF) or pluripoietin, has been shown to bepresent in the culture medium of a human bladder carcinoma cell linedenominated 5637 and deposited under restrictive conditions with theAmerican Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. as A.T.C.C. Deposit No.HTB-9. The hpCSF purified from this cell line has been reported tostimulate proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent progenitorcells leading to the production of all major blood cell types in assaysusing human bone marrow progenitor cells. Welte et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 82, 1526-1530 (1985). Purification of hpCSF employed:(NH₄)₂ SO₄ precipitation; anion exchange chromatography (DEAE cellulose,DE52); gel filtration (AcA54 column); and C18 reverse phase highperformance liquid chromatography. A protein identified as hpCSF, whichis eluted in the second of two peaks of activity in C18 reverse phaseHPLC fractions, was reported to have a molecular weight (MW) of 18,000as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (PAGE) employing silver staining. HpCSF was earlierreported to have an isoelectric point of 5.5 [Welte, et al., J. Cell.Biochem., Supp 9A, 116 (1985)] and a high differentiation activity forthe mouse myelomonocytic leukemic cell line WEHI-3B D⁺ [Welte, et al.,UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gale, et al., eds., NewSeries, 28 (1985)]. Preliminary studies indicate that the factoridentified as hpCSF has predominately granulocyte colony-stimulatingactivity during the first seven days in a human CFU-GM assay.

Another factor, designated human CSF-β, has also been isolated fromhuman bladder carcinoma cell line 5637 and has been described as acompetitor of murine ¹²⁵ I-labelled granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor (G-CSF) for binding to WEHI-3B D⁺ cells in a dose-responserelationship identical to that of unlabelled murine G-CSF [Nicola, etal., Nature, 314, 625-628 (1985)]. This dose-response relationship hadpreviously been reported to be unique to unlabelled murine G-CSF and notpossessed by such factors as M-CSF, GM-CSF, or multi-CSF [Nicola, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 81, 3765-3769 (1984)]. CSF-β andG-CSF are also unique among CSF's in that they share a high degree ofability to induce differentiation of WEHI-3B D⁺ cells. Nicola, et al.,Immunology Today, 5, 76-80 (1984). At high concentrations, G-CSFstimulates mixed granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells [Nicola, etal., (1984) supra], which is consistent with preliminary resultsindicating the appearance of granulocytic, monocytic, mixedgranulocytic/monocytic and eosinophilic colonies (CFU-GEMM) after 14days incubation of human bone marrow cultures with hpCSF. CSF-β has alsobeen described as stimulating formation of neutrophilic granulocyticcolonies in assays which employed mouse bone marrow cells, a propertywhich has been a criterion for identification of a factor as a G-CSF. Onthe basis of these similarities, human CSF-β has been identified withG-CSF (granulocytic colony stimulating factor). Nicola et al., Nature,314, 625-628 (1985).

Based upon their common properties, it appears that human CSF-β ofNicola, et al., supra, and the hpCSF of Welte, et al., supra, are thesame factor which could properly be referred to as a human pluripotentgranulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hpG-CSF). Characterization andrecombinant production of hpG-CSF would be particularly desirable inview of the reported ability of murine G-CSF to completely suppress anin vitro WEHI-3B D⁺ leukemic cell population at "quite normalconcentrations", and the reported ability of crude, injectedpreparations of murine G-CSF to suppress established transplantedmyeloid leukemias in mice. Metcalf, Science, 229, 16-22 (1985). Seealso, Sachs, Scientific American, 284(1), 40-47 (1986).

To the extent that hpG-CSF may prove to be therapeutically significantand hence need to be available in commercial scale quantities, isolationfrom cell cultures is unlikely to provide an adequate source ofmaterial. It is noteworthy, for example, that restrictions appear toexist against commercial use of Human Tumor Bank cells such as the humanbladder carcinoma cell line 5637 (A.T.C.C. HTB9) which have beenreported as sources of natural hpCSF isolates in Welte, et al. (1985,supra).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, DNA sequences coding for all or partof hpG-CSF are provided. Such sequences may include: the incorporationof codons "preferred" for expression by selected non-mammalian hosts;the provision of sites for cleavage by restriction endonuclease enzymes;and the provision of additional initial, terminal or intermediate DNAsequences which facilitate construction of readily expressed vectors.The present invention also provides DNA sequences coding for microbialexpression of polypeptide analogs or derivatives of hpG-CSF which differfrom naturally-occurring forms in terms of the identity or location ofone or more amino acid residues (i.e., deletion analogs containing lessthan all of the residues specified for hpG-CSF; substitution analogs,such as [Ser¹⁷ ]hpG-CSF, wherein one or more residues specified arereplaced by other residues; and addition analogs wherein one or moreamino acid residues is added to a terminal or medial portion of thepolypeptide) and which share some or all the properties ofnaturally-occurring forms.

Novel DNA sequences of the invention include sequences useful insecuring expression in procaryotic or eucaryotic host cells ofpolypeptide products having at least a part of the primary structuralconformation and one or more of the biological properties of naturallyoccurring pluripotent granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. DNAsequences of the invention are specifically seen to comprise: (a) theDNA sequence set forth in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 or their complementarystrands; (b) a DNA sequence which hybridizes (under hybridizationconditions such as illustrated herein or more stringent conditions) tothe DNA sequences in FIG. 2 or to fragments thereof; and (c) a DNAsequence which, but for the degeneracy of the genetic code, wouldhybridize to the DNA sequence in FIG. 2. Specifically comprehended inpart (b) are genomic DNA sequences encoding allelic variant forms ofhpG-CSF and/or encoding other mammalian species of pluripotentgranulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Specifically comprehended by part(c) are manufactured DNA sequences encoding hpG-CSF, fragments ofhpG-CSF and analogs of hpG-CSF which DNA sequences may incorporatecodons facilitating translation of messenger RNA in microbial hosts.Such manufactured sequences may readily be constructed according to themethods of Alton, et al., PCT published application WO 83/04053.

Also comprehended by the present invention is that class of polypeptidescoded for by portions of the DNA complement to the top strand human cDNAor genomic DNA sequences of FIG. 2 or 3 herein, i.e., "complementaryinverted proteins" as described by Tramontano, et al., Nucleic AcidsRes., 12, 5049-5059 (1984).

The present invention provides purified and isolated polypeptideproducts having part or all of the primary structural conformation(i.e., continuous sequence of amino acid residues) and one or more ofthe biological properties (e.g, immunological properties and in vitrobiological activity) and physical properties (e.g., molecular weight) ofnaturally-occurring hpG-CSF including allelic variants thereof. Thesepolypeptides are also characterized by being the product of chemicalsynthetic procedures or of procaryotic or eucaryotic host expression(e.g., by bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells inculture) of exogenous DNA sequences obtained by genomic or cDNA cloningor by gene synthesis. The products of typical yeast (e.g., Saccaromycescerevisiae) or procaryote [e.g., Escherichia coli (E. coli)] host cellsare free of association with any mammalian proteins. The products ofmicrobial expression in vertebrate (e.g., non-human mammalian and avian)cells are free of association with any human proteins. Depending uponthe host employed, polypeptides of the invention may be glycosylatedwith mammalian or other eucaryotic carbohydrates or may benon-glycosylated. Polypeptides of the invention may also include aninitial methionine amino acid residue (at position -1).

Also comprehended by the invention are pharmaceutical compositionscomprising effective amounts of polypeptide products of the inventiontogether with suitable diluents, adjuvants and/or carriers useful inhpG-CSF therapy.

Polypeptide products of the invention may be "labelled" by associationwith a detectable marker substance (e.g., radiolabelled with ¹²⁵ I) toprovide reagents useful in detection and quantification of human hpG-CSFin solid tissue and fluid samples such as blood or urine. DNA productsof the invention may also be labelled with detectable markers (such asradiolabels and non-isotopic labels such as biotin) and employed in DNAhybridization processes to locate the human hpG-CSF gene position and/orthe position of any related gene family in a chromosomal map. They mayalso be used for identifying human hpG-CSF gene disorders at the DNAlevel and used as gene markers for identifying neighboring genes andtheir disorders.

Polypeptide products of the present invention may be useful, alone or incombination with other hematopoietic factors or drugs in the treatmentof hematopoietic disorders, such as aplastic anemia. They may also beuseful in the treatment of hematopoietic deficits arising fromchemotherapy or from radiation therapy. The success of bone marrowtransplantation, for example, may be enhanced by application of hpG-CSF.Wound healing burn treatment and the treatment of bacterial inflammationmay also benefit from the application of hpG-CSF. In addition, hpG-CSFmay also be useful in the treatment of leukemia based upon a reportedability to differentiate leukemic cells. Welte, et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 82, 1526-1530 (1985) and Sachs, supra.

Numerous aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detaileddescription which provides illustrations of the practice of theinvention in its presently preferred embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial restriction endonuclease map of the hpG-CSF geneaccompanied by arrows depicting the sequencing strategy used to obtainthe genomic sequence.

FIG. 2 shows the sequence of recombinant hpG-CSF cDNA clone Ppo2.

FIG. 3 shows the sequence of recombinant hpG-CSF genomic DNA clone 2.

FIG. 4 shows the sequence of Section I of an hpG-CSF gene manufacturedto include E. coli preference codons.

FIG. 5 shows the sequence of Section II of an hpG-CSF gene manufacturedto include E. coli preference codons.

FIG. 6 shows the sequence of Section III of an hpG-CSF gene manufacturedto include E. coli preference codons.

FIG. 7 shows the sequence encoding hpG-CSF with an amino acid terminalmethionine codon for E. coli translation initiation.

FIG. 8 shows the sequence of the polylinker used in the construction ofplasmid pCFM1156.

FIG. 9 shows the result of a cell binding assay for hpG-CSF.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to the present invention, DNA sequences encoding part or allof the polypeptide sequence of hpG-CSF have been isolated andcharacterized.

The following examples are presented by way of illustration of theinvention and are specifically directed to procedures carried out priorto identification of hpG-CSF cDNA and genomic clones, to proceduresresulting in such identification, and to the sequencing, development ofexpression systems based on cDNA, genomic and manufactured genes andverification of expression hpG-CSF and analog products in such systems.

More particularly, Example 1 is directed to amino acid sequencing ofhpG-CSF. Example 2 is directed to the preparation of a cDNA library forcolony hybridization screening. Example 3 relates to construction ofhybridization probes. Example 4 relates to hybridization screening,identification of positive clones, DNA sequencing of a positive cDNAclone and the generation of polypeptide primary structural conformation(amino acid sequence) information. Example 5 is directed to theidentification and sequencing of a genomic clone encoding hpG-CSF.Example 6 is directed to the construction of a manufactured geneencoding hpG-CSF wherein E.coli preference codons are employed.

Example 7 is directed to procedures for construction of an E. colitransformation vector incorporating hpG-CSF-encoding DNA, the use of thevector in procaryotic expression of hpG-CSF, and to analysis ofproperties of recombinant products of the invention. Example 8 isdirected to procedures for generating analogs of hpG-CSF whereincysteine residues are replaced by another suitable amino acid residue bymeans of mutagenesis performed on DNA encoding hpG-CSF. Example 9 isdirected to procedures for the construction of a vector incorporatinghpG-CSF analog-encoding DNA derived from a positive cDNA clone, the useof the vector for transfection of COS-1 cells, and the cultured growthof the transfected cells. Example 10 relates to physical and biologicalproperties or recombinant polypeptide products of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1 (A) Sequencing of Material Provided by Literature Methods

A sample (3-4 μg, 85-90% pure of SDS, silver stain-PAGE) of hpG-CSF wasobtained from Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, N.Y., as isolated andpurified according to Welte, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 82,1526-1530 (1985).

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this sample of hpG-CSF wasdetermined in a Run #1 by microsequence analysis using an AB407A gasphase sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) to provide thesequence information set out in Table I below. In Tables I-IV singleletter codes are employed, "X" designates a residue which was notunambiguously determined and residues in parentheses were onlyalternatively or tentatively assigned.

                                      TABLE I                                     __________________________________________________________________________     ##STR1##                                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

A high background was present in every cycle of the run for whichresults are reported in Table I, indicating that the sample had manycontaminating components, probably in the form of chemical residues frompurification. The sequence was retained only for reference use.

In Run #2, a second sample (5-6 μg, ˜95% pure) was obtained from SloanKettering as for Run #1 and a sequencing procedure was performed as forRun #1. This sample was from the same lot of material employed togenerate FIG. 4 of Welte, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 82,1526-1530 (1985). The results are given in Table II.

                                      TABLE II                                    __________________________________________________________________________     ##STR2##                                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

Although more residues were identified, Run #2 did not provide asufficiently long, unambiguous sequence from which a reasonable numberof probes could be constructed to search for hpG-CSF DNA. It wascalculated that at least 1536 probes would have been required to attemptisolation of cDNA based on the sequence of Table II. Again,contamination of the sample was believed to be the problem.

Accordingly, a third sample (3-5 μg, ˜40% pure) was obtained from SloanKettering as above. This preparation was electroblotted after separationby SDS-PAGE in an attempt at further purification. Sequence analysis ofthis sample yielded no data.

(B) Sequencing of Materials Provided by Revised Methods

In order to obtain a sufficient amount of pure material to performsuitably definitive amino acid sequence analysis, cells of a bladdercarcinoma cell line 5637 (subclone 1A6) as produced at Sloan-Ketteringwere obtained from Dr. E. Platzer. Cells were initially cultured inIscove's medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) in flasks to confluence.When confluent, the cultures were trypsinized and seeded into rollerbottles (1 1/2 flasks/bottle) each containing 25 ml of preconditionedIscove's medium under 5% CO₂. The cells were grown overnight at 37° C.at 0.3 rpm.

Cytodex-1 beads (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) were washed and sterilizedusing the following procedures. Eight grams of beads were introducedinto a bottle and 400 ml of PBS was added. Beads were suspended byswirling gently for 3 hours. After allowing the beads to settle, the PBSwas drawn off, the beads were rinsed in PBS and fresh PBS was added. Thebeads were autoclaved for 15 minutes. Prior to use, the beads werewashed in Iscove's medium plus 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) before addingfresh medium plus 10% FCS to obtain treated beads.

After removing all but 30 ml of the medium from each roller bottle, 30ml of fresh medium plus 10% FCS and 40 ml of treated beads were added tothe bottles. The bottles were gassed with 5% CO₂ and all bubbles wereremoved by suction. The bottles were placed in roller racks at 3 rpm for1/2 hour before reducing the speed to 0.3 rpm. After 3 hours, anadditional flask was trypsinized and added to each roller bottlecontaining beads.

At 40% to 50% of confluence the roller bottle cultures were washed with50 ml PBS and rolled for 10 min. before removing the PBS. The cells werecultured for 48 hours in medium A [Iscove's medium containing 0.2% FCS,10⁻⁸ M hydrocortisone, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100μg/ml streptomycin]. Next, the culture supernatant was harvested bycentrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 min., and stored at -70° C. Thecultures were refed with medium A containing 10% FCS and were culturedfor 48 hours. After discarding the medium, the cells were washed withPBS as above and cultured for 48 hours in medium A. The supernatant wasagain harvested and treated as previously described.

Approximately 30 liters of medium conditioned by 1A6 cells wereconcentrated to about 2 liters on a Millipore Pellicon unit equippedwith 2 cassettes having 10,000 M.W. cutoffs at a filtrate rate of about200 ml/min. and at a retentate rate of about 1000 ml/min. Theconcentrate was diafiltered with about 10 liters of 50 mM Tris (pH 7.8)using the same apparatus and same flow rates. The diafilteredconcentrate was loaded at 40 ml/min. onto a 1 liter DE Cellulose columnequilibrated in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.8). After loading, the column waswashed at the same rate with 1 liter of 50 mM Tris (pH 7.8) and thenwith 2 liters of 50 mM Tris (pH 7.8) with 50 mM NaCl. The column wasthen sequentially eluted with six 1 liter solutions of 50 mM Tris (pH7.5) containing the following concentrations of NaCl: 75 mM; 100 mM; 125mM; 150 mM; 200 mM; and 300 mM. Fractions (50 ml) were collected, andactive fractions were pooled and concentrated to 65 ml on an Amiconultrafiltration stirred cell unit equipped with a YM5 membrane. Thisconcentrate was loaded onto a 2 liter AcA54 gel filtration columnequilibrated in PBS. The column was run at 80 ml/hr. and 10 ml fractionswere collected. Active fractions were pooled and loaded directly onto aC4 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column.

Samples, ranging in volume from 125 ml to 850 ml and containing 1-8 mgof protein, about 10% of which was hpG-CSF, were loaded onto the columnat a flow rate ranging from 1 ml to 4 ml per minute. After loading andan initial washing with 0.1M ammonium acetate (pH 6.0-7.0) in 80%2-propanol at a flow rate of l/ml/min, one milliliter fractions werecollected and monitored for proteins at 220 nm, 260 nm and 280 nm.

As a result of purification, fractions containing hpG-CSF were clearlyseparated (as fractions 72 and 73 of 80) from other protein-containingfractions. hpG-CSF was isolated (150-300 μg) at a purity of about 85±5%and at a yield of about 50%. From this purified material 9 μg was usedin Run #4, an amino acid sequence analysis wherein the protein samplewas applied to a TFA-activated glass fiber disc without polybrene.Sequence analysis was carried out with an AB 470A sequencer according tothe methods of Hewick, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 256, 7990-7997 (1981) andLai, Anal. Chim. Acta, 163, 243-248 (1984). The results of Run #4 appearin Table III.

                  TABLE III                                                       ______________________________________                                         ##STR3##                                                                      ##STR4##                                                                      ##STR5##                                                                     LeuXX                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

In Run #4, beyond 31 cycles (corresponding to residue 31 in Table III)no further significant sequence information was obtained. In order toobtain a longer unambiguous sequence, in a Run #5, 14 μg of hpG-CSFpurified from conditioned medium were reduced with 10 μl ofβ-mercaptoethanol for one hour at 45° C., then thoroughly dried under avacuum. The protein residue was then redissolved in 5% formic acidbefore being applied to a polybrenized glass fiber disc. Sequenceanalysis was carried out as for Run #4 above. The results of Run #5 aregiven in Table IV.

                  TABLE IV                                                        ______________________________________                                         ##STR6##                                                                      ##STR7##                                                                      ##STR8##                                                                      ##STR9##                                                                      ##STR10##                                                                    ______________________________________                                    

The amino acid sequence given in Table IV was sufficiently long (44residues) and unambiguous to construct probes for obtaining hpG-CSF cDNAas described infra.

EXAMPLE 2

Among standard procedures for isolating cDNA sequences of interest isthe preparation of plasmid-borne cDNA "libraries" derived from reversetranscription of mRNA abundant in donor cells selected on the basis oftheir expression of a target gene. Where substantial portions of theamino acid sequence of a polypeptide are known, labelled,single-stranded DNA probe sequences duplicating a sequence putativelypresent in the "target" cDNA may be employed in DNA/DNA hybridizationprocedures carried out on cloned copies of the cDNA which have beendenatured to single stranded form. Weissman, et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,394,443; Wallace, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 6, 3543-3557 (1979), andReyes, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 79, 3270-3274 (1982), andJaye, et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 11, 2325-2335 (1983). See also, U.S.Pat. No. 4,358,535 to Falkow, et al., relating to DNA/DNA hybridizationprocedures in effecting diagnosis; and Davis, et al., "A Manual forGenetic Engineering, Advanced Bacterial Genetics", Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1980) at pp. 55-58 and 174-176,relating to colony and plaque hybridization techniques.

Total RNA was extracted from approximately 1 gram of cells from abladder carcinoma cell line 5637 (1A6) using a guanidinium thiocyanateprocedure for quantitative isolation of intact RNA. [Chirgwin, et al.,Biochemistry, 18, 5294-5299 (1979)].

The sterile aqueous RNA solution contained total RNA from the IA6 cells.To obtain only the messenger RNA from the total RNA solution, thesolution was passed through a column containing oligodeoxy-thymidylate[oligo(dT)] (Collaborative Research, Inc., Waltham, Mass.Poly-Adenylated (poly-A⁺) tails characteristic of messenger RNA adhereto the column while ribosomal RNA is eluted. As a result of thisprocedure, approximately 90 μg of poly-adenylated messenger RNA (poly-A⁺mRNA) were isolated. The isolated poly-A⁺ messenger RNA was pre-treatedwith methylmercury hydroxide (Alpha Ventron, Danvers, Mass.) at a finalconcentration of 4 mM for 5 minutes at room temperature prior to use ina cDNA reaction. The methylmercury hydroxide treatment denaturedinteractions of messenger RNA, both with itself and with contaminatingmolecules that inhibit translation. Payvar, et al., J.Biol.Chem., 258,7636-7642 (1979).

According to the Okayama procedure [Okayama, et al., Molecular &Cellular Biology, 2, 161-170 (1982)], a cDNA bank was prepared usingmRNA obtained from IA6 cells. The cDNAs were then transformed byincubation into a host microorganism E.coli K-12 strain HB101 foramplification.

EXAMPLE 3

Hybridization probes designed on the basis of the hpG-CSF amino terminalsequence of Table IV consisted of a set of 24 oligonucleotides eachbeing 23 bases in length and containing three inosine residues. Theprobe oligonucleotides were manufactured according to the procedure ofCaruthers, et al., Genetic Engineering, 4, 1-17 (1982) and labeled withγ-³² P ATP by kinasing with polynucleotide kinase. The probeoligonucleotides, corresponding to the messenger RNA for residues 23-30of the sequence of Table IV, are illustrated in Table V.

                  TABLE V                                                         ______________________________________                                        hpG-CSF Probes                                                                 ##STR11##                                                                    ______________________________________                                    

The assignment of neutrality to I's was based on the published work ofTakahashi, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 82, 1931-1935 (1985)and Ohtsuka, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 260, 2605-2608 (1985). However,inosine may have a destabilizing effect if base paired with a G or T. InTakahashi, et al., inosines may appear to have a neutral effect becausethey average out as a group to near neutrality (e.g., three havingpaired favorably with C and two not favorable to pairing with T).

To test the effect of having I's base pair with G's, control experimentswere designed using an N-myc gene sequence and clone. The sequencespicked from the N-myc gene had the same overall G and C content at thefirst two positions of each codon as was prescribed by the hpG-CSFprobes. Thus, the N-myc test probes were of the same length, containedI's in the same relative positions and had potentially the same averageTm (62°-66° C., not accounting for the 3 or 4 inosine residues included)as the hpG-CSF probes.

Two sets of N-myc test probes were constructed according to theprocedure of Caruthers, et al., supra. Set I, as illustrated in Table VIincluded: 1, a 23 mer with perfect match; 2, in which three thirdposition C's were replaced with I's generating the worst possible casefor adding I's; and 3, in which four third position C's were replacedwith I's. The second set of test probes was designed to represent a morerandom distribution of inosine base pairs, that might give an overallneutral base pairing effect. Set II, as illustrated in Table VI,included: 4, containing two I's that will base pair with C's and onewith a G; and 5, identical to 4 with the addition of one more I:G basepair.

                  TABLE VI                                                        ______________________________________                                        N-myc Test Probes                                                             ______________________________________                                        1.     .sup.5' CAC AAC TAT GCC GCC CCC TCC CC.sup.3'                          2.     .sup.5' CAC AAC TAT GCI GCC CCI TCI CC.sup.3'                          3.     .sup.5' CAI AAC TAT GCI GCC CCI TCI CC.sup.3'                          4.     .sup.5' AAC GAG CTG TGI GGC AGI CCI GC.sup.3'                          5.     .sup.5' AAI GAG CTG TGI GGC AGI CCI GC.sup.3'                          ______________________________________                                    

Five replica filters containing N-myc DNA sequences and chicken growthhormone DNA sequences (as a negative control) were baked in a vacuumoven for 2 hours at 80° C. prior to hybridization. All filters werehybridized as described in Example 4 for the hpG-CSF probes except theperiod of hybridization was only 6 hours. Filters were washed threetimes at room temperature then once at 45° C., 10 minutes each. Thefilters were monitored with a Geiger counter.

The filter representing N-myc probe 3 gave a very weak signal relativeto the other four probed filters and was not washed any further. After a10 minute 50° C. wash, the Geiger counter gave the following percentsignal with probe one being normalized to 100%: Probe 2, 20%; Probe 3(45° C., 2%; Probe 4, 92%; and Probe 5, 75%. After a 55° C. wash, thepercentages were: Probe 2, 16%; Probe 4, 100%; and Probe 5, 80%. A finalwash at 60° C. yielded the following percentages: Probe 2, 1.6%; Probe4, 90%; and Probe 5, 70%.

Thus, in the presence of three I's, as in probes 2 and 4, up to a60-fold difference in signal is observed as the theoretical Tm (I's notincluded in the calculation) is approached [based upon a worst case Ibase pairing (Probe 2) and a relatively neutral I base pairing case(Probe 4)].

The standardization information gained by the N-myc test hybridizationswas utilized in washing and monitoring of the hpG-CSF hybridization asindicated below, to gauge the degree of confidence with which theresults of less than stringent washing might be accepted.

EXAMPLE 4

According to the procedure of Hanahan, et al., J. Mol. Biol., 166,557-580 (1983), bacteria containing recombinants with cDNA inserts asprepared in Example 2 were spread on 24 nitrocellulose filters(Millipore, Bedford, Mass.) laid on agar plates. The plates were thenincubated to establish approximately 150,000 colonies which were replicaplated to 24 other nitrocellulose filters. The replicas were incubateduntil distinct colonies appeared. The bacteria on the filters were lysedon sheets of Whatman 3 MM paper barely saturated with sodium hydroxide(0.5M) for 10 minutes, then blotted with Tris (1M) for 2 minutes,followed by blotting with Tris (0.5M) containing NaCl (1.5M) for 10minutes. When the filters were nearly dry, they were baked for 2 hoursat 80° C. in a vacuum oven prior to nucleic acid hybridization. [Wahl,et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 76, 3683-3687 (1979)]; andManiatis, et al., Cell, 81, 163-182 (1976).

The filters were prehybridized for 2 hours at 65° C. in 750 ml of 10×Denhardt's, 0.2% SDS and 6× SSC. The filters were rinsed in 6× SSC, thenplaced four in a bag and hybridized for 14 hours in 6× SSC and 10×Denhardt's. There was approximately 15 ml of solution per bag containing50×10⁶ cpm of ³² P-labeled probe (oligonucleotides).

After hybridization, the filters were washed three times in 6× SSC (1liter/wash) at room temperature for 10 minutes each. The filters werethen washed two times at 45° C. for 15 minutes each, once at 50° for 15minutes and once at 55° C. for 15 minutes using 1 liter volumes of 6×SSC. The filters were autoradiographed for 2 hours at -70° C. using anintensifying screen and Kodak XAR-2 film. On this autoradiograph, therewere 40-50 positive signals detected including 5 very intense signals.

The areas containing the strongest five signals and an additional fivepositives were scraped from the master plates and replated for asecondary screening using the same probe mixture under the sameconditions. The wash procedure differed in that the high temperaturewashes consisted of two at 55° C. for 15 minutes each and then one at60° C. for 15 minutes. Based on the N-myc probe study of Example 3, thefinal wash temperature in the second screening was raised because theaggregate melting temperature for the 24 23-mers was 50°-68° C., similarto that of the N-myc probes. Just after the second 55° C. wash, thefilters were left damp and an autoradiograph was made. Comparison ofthis autoradiograph with a second autoradiograph taken for a similarperiod of time after a final wash at 60° C. showed that only two of the10 clones being tested did not suffer a substantial loss in signal inrising from 55°-60° C. These two clones were later shown to be of nearlyidentical lengths and restriction endoclease patterns. One clonedesignated Ppo2, was selected for sequencing.

Sequencing of the recombinant hpG-CSF cDNA clone, Ppo2, obtained by theabove procedure was accomplished by the dideoxy method of Sanger, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 74, 5463-5467 (1977). Thesingle-stranded DNA phage M-13 was used as a cloning vector forsupplying single-stranded DNA templates from the double-stranded cDNAclones. The Sanger, et al., method revealed the sequence as set forth inFIG. 2 accompanied by its amino acid translation and a complementarystrand in the polypeptide coding region.

The following characteristics of the sequence of FIG. 2 are of note. Atthe 5' end of the sequence there are shown bases corresponding to thoseof the poly G cDNA linker. There then occur about five bases (designatedas "N") whose sequence could not readily be determined unambiguously bythe Sanger, et al. method due to the preceding multiple G's. Thesequence thereafter reveals a series of 12 codons encoding a portion ofa putative leader sequence for the polypeptide. Based on correspondenceto the amino terminal sequence of natural isolates of hpCSF described inExample 1, the initial threonine residue of the putative "mature" formof hpG-CSF is indicated by +1. Mature hpG-CSF is thereafter revealed toinclude 174 residues as indicated. Following the "stop" codon (the OPcodon, TGA) are approximately 856 bases of an untranslated 3' sequenceand multiple A's of the poly A "tail". Unique HgiAi, and ApaIrestriction endonuclease recognition sites, as well as two StuI sites(discussed infra with respect to construction of procaryotic andeucaryotic expression systems) are also designated in FIG. 2. Owing tothe lack of asparagine residues in the polypeptide, there are noapparent sites for N-glycosylation. The underscored 6 bases near the endof the 3' untranslated sequence represent a potential polyadenylationsite.

It is noteworthy that each of two additional cDNA clones identified bythe hybridization procedures described above from among a total of450,000 clones failed to include DNA encoding the entire leader sequencefrom the transcription initiation site onward. Indeed, all three hpG-CSFclones terminated in the 5' region at exactly the same site, indicatingthat secondary structure of the mRNA transcribed severely hinders cDNAformation beyond this site. As a practical matter, therefore, cDNAexpression screening such as described in Okayama, et al., Mol. andCell. Biol., 3, 280-289 (1983) and as actually employed to isolateGM-CSF in Wong, et al., Science, 228, 810-814 (1985) could not havereadily applied to isolation of hpCSF DNA because such isolation systemsordinarily rely upon the presence of a full length cDNA transcript inthe clones assayed.

The above sequence is not readily susceptible for securing directexpression of hpG-CSF in a microbial host. To secure such expression,the hpG-CSF coding region should be provided with an initial ATG codonand the sequence should be inserted in a transformation vector at a siteunder control of a suitable promoter/regulator DNA sequence.

EXAMPLE 5

In this example, cDNA encoding hpG-CSF as isolated in the previousexample was used to screen a genomic clone. A phage lambda human fetalliver genomic library [prepared according to the procedure of Lawn, etal. Cell, 15, 1157-1174 (1978) and obtained from T. Maniatis] wasscreened using a nick translated probe consisting of two hpG-CSF cDNAfragments isolated by digestion with HgiAI and StuI (HgiAI to StuI, 649b.p.; StuI to StuI, 639 b.p.). A total of approximately 500,000 phagewere plated on 12 (15 cm) petri dishes and plaque lifted and hybridizedto probe using the Benton/Davison procedure [Benton, et al., Science,196, 180 (1977)]. A total of 12 positive clones were observed. Threeclones (1-3) yielding the strongest signals upon autoradiography in asecondary screening were grown in 1 liter cultures and mapped byrestriction enzyme digestion and Southern blotting using a radiolabeled24-mer oligonucleotide (kinased with γ-³² P ATP)5'CTGCACTGTCCAGAGTGCACTGTG3'. The mapping results showed that isolates 1and 3 were identical and 2 contained 2000 additional bases 5' to thehpG-CSF gene. Therefore, clone 2 was used for further characterization.DNA from clone 2 was digested with R1 to release an 8500 bp hpG-CSFcontaining fragment which was subsequently subcloned into pBR322 andfurther mapped by restriction endonuclease digests, Southern Blotting,M13 subcloning and sequencing. The sequence obtained is as set out inFIG. 3.

A restriction endonuclease map (approximately 3.4 Kb) of genomic DNAcontaining the hpG-CSF gene is detailed in FIG. 1. The restrictionendonucleases shown in FIG. 1 are: NcoI, N; PstI, P; BamHI, B; ApaI, A;XhoI, X; and Kpn, K. The arrows below the map depict the sequencingstrategy used to obtain the genomic sequence. The boxed regions arethose found in the cDNA clone with the dashed open ended boxrepresenting sequence not present in the cDNA clone, but identified byprobing mRNA blots. The identification of coding sequences proposed forexon 1 was carried out by Northern blot analysis. A 24 meroligonucleotide probe, ^(5') CAGCAGCTGCAGGGCCATCAGCTT^(3'), spanning thepredicted splice junctures for exons 1 and 2 was hybridized to hpG-CSFmRNA in a Northern blot format. The resulting blot shows an mRNA thesame size (˜1650 bp) as that seen with an exon 2 oligonucleotide probe.This data combined with the ability to direct expression of hpG-CSF fromthe pSVGM-Ppo1 vector (Example 9) using the Met initiation codondepicted in FIG. 3, defines the coding sequences contained in exon 1.Exons 2-5 are defined by the coding sequences obtained in the cDNA clone(Ppo2) of the hpG-CSF gene (FIG. 2).

EXAMPLE 6

This example relates to preparation of a manufactured gene encodinghpG-CSF and including E.coli preference codons.

Briefly stated, the protocol employed was generally as set out in thedisclosure of co-owned Alton, et al., PCT Publication No. WO83/04053,which is incorporated by reference herein. The genes were designed forinitial assembly of component oligonucleotides into multiple duplexeswhich, in turn, were assembled into three discrete sections. Thesesections were designed for ready amplification and, upon removal fromthe amplification system, could be assembled sequentially or through amultiple fragment ligation in a suitable expression vector.

The construction of Sections I, II and III is illustrated in Tables VIIthrough IX and FIGS. 4-6. In the construction of Section I, asillustrated in Table VII and FIG. 4, oligonucleotides 1-14 wereassembled into 7 duplexes (1 and 8); 2 and 9; 3 and 10; 4 and 11; 5 and12; 6 and 13; and 7 and 14). The 7 duplexes were then ligated to formSection I as shown in FIG. 4. It may also be noted in FIG. 4 thatSection I includes an upstream XbaI sticky end and a downstream BamHIsticky end useful for ligation to amplification and expression vectorsand for ligation to Section II.

                  TABLE VII                                                       ______________________________________                                        EChpG-CSFDNA SECTION I                                                        ______________________________________                                        CTAGAAAAAACCAAGGAGGTAATAAA    1                                               TAATGACTCCATTAGGTCCTGCTTCTTCT 2                                               CTGCCGCAAAGCTTTCTGCTGAAATGTCTGG                                                                             3                                               AACAGGTTCGTAAAATCCAGGGTGACGGT 4                                               GCTGCACTGCAAGAAAAACTGTGCGCTA  5                                               CTTACAAACTGTGCCATCCGGAAGAGC   6                                               TGGTACTGCTGGGTCATTCTCTTGG     7                                               CATTATTTATTACCTCCTTGGTTTTTT   8                                               GCAGAGAAGAAGCAGGACCTAATGGAGT  9                                               TGTTCCAGACATTTCAGCAGAAAGCTTTGCG                                                                             10                                              CAGCACCGTCACCCTGGATTTTACGAACC 11                                              TAAGTAGCGCACAGTTTTTCTTGCAGTG  12                                              ACCAGCTCTTCCGGATGGCACAGTTTG   13                                              GATCCCAAGAGAATGACCCAGCAGT     14                                              ______________________________________                                    

As illustrated in Tables VIII and FIG. 5, in the construction of SectionII, oligonucleotides 15-30 were assembled into 8 duplexes (15 and 23; 16and 24; 17 and 25; 18 and 26; 19 and 27; 20 and 28; 21 and 29; and 22and 30). These 8 duplexes were then ligated to form Section II, as shownin FIG. 5. As further shown in FIG. 5, Section II has an upstream BamHIsticky end and a downstream EcoRI sticky end useful for ligation to anamplification vector and for ligation to Section I. Near its downstreamend, Section II also includes a downstream SstI site useful in theeventual ligation Sections II and III.

                  TABLE VIII                                                      ______________________________________                                        EChpG-CSFDNA SECTION II                                                       ______________________________________                                        GATCCCGTGGGCTCCGCTGTCTTCT    15                                               TGTCCATCTCAAGCTCTTCAGCTGGC   16                                               TGGTTGTCTGTCTCAACTGCATTCTGGT 17                                               CTGTTCCTGTATCAGGGTCTTCTG     18                                               CAAGCTCTGGAAGGTATCTCTCCGGA   19                                               ACTGGGTCCGACTCTGGACACTCTGCA  20                                               GCTAGATGTAGCTGACTTTGCTACTACT 21                                               ATTTGGCAACAGATGGAAGAGCTCAAAG 22                                               GACAAGAAGACAGCGGAGCCCACGG    23                                               ACCAGCCAGCTGAAGAGCTTGAGATG   24                                               ACAGACCAGAATGCAGTTGAGACAGACA 25                                               CTTGCAGAAGACCCTGATACAGGA     26                                               CAGTTCCGGAGAGATACCTTCCAGAG   27                                               TAGCTGCAGAGTGTCCAGAGTCGGACC  28                                               AAATAGTAGTAGCAAAGTCAGCTACATC 29                                               AATTCTTTGAGCTCTTCCATCTGTTGCC 30                                               ______________________________________                                    

Finally, Section III was constructed as shown in Table IX and FIG. 6.For this construction, oligonucleotides 31-42 were assembled into 6duplexes (31 and 37; 32 and 38; 33 and 39; 34 and 40; 35 and 41; and 36and 42). The 6 duplexes were then ligated to form Section III asdepicted in FIG. 6. As also shown in FIG. 6, Section III includes anupstream BamHI sticky end and a downstream EcoRI sticky end useful forligating into an amplification vector, and at least in the case of theEcoRI end, into an expression vector. In addition, Section II has anupstream SstI site useful in the eventual ligation of Sections II andIII.

                  TABLE IX                                                        ______________________________________                                        EChpG-CSFDNA SECTION III                                                      ______________________________________                                        GATCCAAAGAGCTCGGTATGGCACCAG  31                                               CTCTGCAACCGACTCAAGGTGCTATGCCG                                                                              32                                               GCATTCGCTTCTGCATTCCAGCGTCGTGC                                                                              33                                               AGGAGGTGTACTGGTTGCTTCTCATCTG 34                                               CAATCTTTCCTGGAAGTATCTTACCGTGT                                                                              35                                               TCTGCGTCATCTGGCTCAGCCGTAATAG 36                                               AGAGCTGGTGCCATACCGAGCTCTTTG  37                                               ATGCCGGCATAGCACCTTGAGTCGGTTGC                                                                              38                                               TCCTGCACGACGCTGGAATGCAGAAGCGA                                                                              39                                               ATTGCAGATGAGAAGCAACCAGTACACC 40                                               CAGAACACGGTAAGATACTTCCAGGAAAG                                                                              41                                               AATTCTATTACGGCTGAGCCAGATGACG 42                                               ______________________________________                                    

The XbaI to BamHI fragment formed by Section I is ligated into anM13mp11 phage vector opened with XbaI and BamHI. The vector is thenreopened by digestion with BamHI and EcoRI, followed by ligation withthe BamHI to EcoRI fragment formed by Section II. At this stage,Sections I and II have been joined in proper orientation. Next, anotherM13mp11 vector is opened by BamHI to EcoRI digestion and then ligatedwith the BamHI to EcoRI fragment formed by Section III.

The vector containing Sections I and II is digested with XbaI and SstI.Likewise, the vector containing Section III is digested with SstI andEcoRI. Both of the smaller of the two fragments resulting from eachdigestion are ligated into plasmid pCFM1156 which is previously openedwith XbaI and EcoRI. The product of this reaction is an expressionplasmid containing a continuous DNA sequence, as shown in FIG. 7,encoding the entire hpG-CSF polypeptide with an amino terminalmethionine codon (ATG) for E.coli translation initiation.

Although any suitable vector may be employed to express this DNA, theexpression plasmid pCFM1156 may readily be constructed from a plasmidpCFM836, the construction of which is described in published EuropeanPatent Application No. 136,490. pCFM836 is first cut with NdeI and thenblunt-ended with PolI such that both existing NdeI sites are destroyed.Next, the vector is digested with ClaI and SacII to remove an existingpolylinker before ligation to a substitute polylinker as illustrated inFIG. 8. This substitute polylinker may be constructed according to theprocedure of Alton, et al., supra. Control of expression in theexpression pCFM1156 plasmid is by means of a lambda P_(L) promoter,which itself may be under the control of a C_(I857) repressor gene (suchas is provided in E.coli strain K12ΔHtrp).

EXAMPLE 7

This example relates to E. coli expression of an hpG-CSF polypeptide bymeans of a DNA sequence encoding [Met⁻¹ ] hpCSF. The sequence employedwas partially synthetic and partially cDNA-derived. The syntheticsequence employed E. coli preference codons.

Plasmid Ppo2, containing the hpG-CSF gene shown in FIG. 2, was digestedwith HgiAI and StuI providing an approximately 645 base pair fragmentincluding the gene for mature hpCSF (as shown in FIG. 2) with seven ofthe leader sequence residue codons at the 5' end and about 100 basepairs of the 3' non-coding region. HgiAI digestion leaves a 5', 4-basesticky end identical to that of PstI, and StuI leaves a blunt end. Thisallows for ready insertion of the fragment into M13 mp8 (Rf) cut withPstI and with the blunt-end-forming restriction enzyme, HincII. Uponamplification in M13, the hpG-CSF DNA was excised by digestion with ApaIand BamHI which cut, respectively, at the ApaI site spanning the codonsfor residues +3 to +5 of hpCSF and at a BamHI site "downstream" of theHincII site in the M13 mp8 restriction polylinker. In order to allow forE. coli expression of the hpG-CSF polypeptide, a synthetic fragment wasprepared as set out in Table X below.

                  TABLE X                                                         ______________________________________                                         ##STR12##                                                                     ##STR13##                                                                    ______________________________________                                    

As may be determined from analysis of Table X, the linker includes anApaI sticky end, codons specifying the initial three residues of theamino terminal of hpG-CSF ("restoring" the Thr¹, Pro², Leu³ -specifyingcodons deleted upon ApaI digestion of the M13 DNA described above andemploying codons preferentially expressed in E. coli), a translationinitiating ATG, a sequence of 24 base pairs providing a ribosome bindingsite, and an XbaI sticky end.

The expression vector employed for E. coli expression was that describedas pCFM536 in European Patent Application No. 136,490, by Morris,published Apr. 10, 1985. (See also, A.T.C.C. 39934, E. coli JM103harboring pCFM536). Briefly, plasmid pCFM536 was digested with XbaI andBamHI. The hpG-CSF fragment (ApaI/BamHI) and linker (XbaI/ApaI)described above were then ligated thereinto to form a plasmid designatedp536Ppo2.

Plasmid p536Ppo2 was transformed into a phage resistant variant of theE. coli AM7 strain which has previously been transformed with plasmidpMW1 (A.T.C.C. No. 39933) harboring a CI⁸⁵⁷ gene. Transformation wasverified on the basis of the antibiotic (amp) resistance marker genecarried on the pCFM536 progenitor plasmid. Cultures of cells in LB broth(ampicillin 50 μg 1 ml) were maintained at 28° C. and upon growth ofcells in culture to A600=0.5, hpCSF expression was induced by raisingthe culture temperature to 42° C. for 3 hours. The final O.D. of theculture was A600=1.2.

The level of expression of hpG-CSF by the transformed cells wasestimated on a SDS-polyacrylamide gel stained with coomassie blue dye tobe 3-5% of total cellular protein.

Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3500 g for 10 minutes in aJS-4.2 rotor. Cells at 25% (w/v) in water were broken by passing 3 timesthrough a French Pressure Cell at 10,000 p.s.i. The broken cellsuspension was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 minutes in a JA-20 rotor.The pellet was resuspended in water and solubilized at about 5 mg/mltotal protein in 1% lauric acid, 50 mM Tris, pH 8.7. The solubilizedpellet material was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 10 minutes and to thesupernatant CuSO₄ was added to 20 mM. After 1 hour, this sample wasloaded onto a C4 HPLC column for purification according to theprocedures of example 1 (B) with adjustments made for volume andconcentration.

A second purification procedure was developed to yield larger quantitiesof hpG-CSF formulated in a nonorganic-containing buffer. This materialis suitable for in vivo studies. One hundred and fifty grams of cellpaste was resuspended in about 600 ml of 1 mM DTT and passed 4 timesthrough a Manton Gualin Homogenizer at about 7000 PSI. The broken cellsuspension was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 minutes and the pellet wasresuspended in 400 ml of 1% deoxycholate (DOC), 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, and50 mM Tris, pH 9. This suspension was mixed at room temperature for 30minutes and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 minutes. The pellet wasresuspended in about 400 ml of water and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30minutes. The pellet was solubilized in 100 ml of 2% Sarkosyl and 50 mMTris at pH 8. CuSO₄ was added to 20 μM and the mixture was stirred 16hours at room temperature, and then centrifuged at 20,000 g for 30minutes. To the supernatant was added 300 ml acetone. This mixture wasput on ice for 20 minutes and then centrifuged at 5000 g for 30 minutes.The pellet was dissolved in 250 ml of 6M guanidine and 40 mM sodiumacetate at pH 4, and put over a 1,200 ml G-25 column equilibrated andrun in 20 mM sodium acetate at pH 5.4. The hpG-CSF peak (about 400 ml)was pooled and put on a 15 ml CM-cellulose column equilibrated in 20 mMsodium acetate at pH 5.4. After loading, the column was washed with 60ml of 20 mM sodium acetate at pH 5.4 and with 25 mM sodium chloride, andthen the column was eluted with 200 ml of 20 mM sodium acetate at pH 5.4and with 37 mM sodium chloride. 150 ml of this eluent was concentratedto 10 ml and applied to a 300 ml G-75 column equilibrated and run in 20mM sodium acetate and 100 mM sodium chloride at pH 5.4. The peakfractions comprising 35 ml were pooled and filter sterilized. The finalconcentration of hpG-CSF was 1.5 mg/ml, was greater than 95% pure asdetermined by analysis on a gel, and contained less than 0.5 ng ofpyrogen per 0.5 mg of hpG-CSF. The pyrogen level was determined using aLimulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test kit (M. A. Bioproducts,Walkersville, Md.).

EXAMPLE 8

This example relates to the use of recombinant methods to generateanalogs of hpG-CSF wherein cysteine residues present at positions 17,36, 42, 64 and 74 were individually replaced by a suitable amino acidresidue.

Site directed mutagenesis procedures according to Souza, et al.,published PCT Application No. WO85/00817, published Feb. 28, 1985, werecarried out on [Met⁻¹ ] encoding DNA of plasmid p536Ppo2, describedinfra, using synthetic oligonucleotides ranging in size from 20 to 23bases as set out in Table XI below. Oligonucleotide No. 1 allowed forformation of a gene encoding [Ser¹⁷ ]hpG-CSF; oligonucleotide No. 2allowed for formation of [Ser³⁶ ]hpG-CSF, and so on.

                  TABLE XI                                                        ______________________________________                                        Oligonucleotide                                                                         Sequence                                                            ______________________________________                                        1.        5'-CTG CTC AAG TCC TTA GAG CAA GT-3'                                2.        5'-GAG AAG CTG TCT GCC ACC TACA-3'                                  3.        5'-TAC AAG CTG TCC CAC CCC GAG-3'                                   4.        5'-TGA GCA GCT CCC CCA GCC AG-3'                                    5.        5'-CTG GCA GGC TCC TTG AGC CAA-3'                                   ______________________________________                                    

The Cys to Ser site directed mutagenesis restrictions were carried outusing M13 mp10 containing an XbaI-BamHI hpG-CSF fragment isolated fromp536Ppo2 as a template. DNA from each M13mp10 clone containing a Cys-Sersubstitution was treated with XbaI and BamHI. The resulting fragment wascloned into expression vector pCFM746 and expression products wereisolated as in Example 7.

The plasmid pCFM746 may be constructed by cleaving a plasmid pCFM736(the construction of which from deposited and publically availablematerials is described in Morris, published PCT Application No.WO85/00829, published Feb. 28, 1985) with ClaI and BamHI to remove anexisting polylinker and by substituting the following polylinker.

                  TABLE XII                                                       ______________________________________                                         ClaI                                                                         .sup.5' CGATTTGATTCTAGAATTCGTTAACGGTACCATGGAA                                 .sup.3' TAAACTAAGATCTTAAGCAATTGCCATGGTACCTT                                   GCTTACTCGAGGATCCGCGGATAAATAAGTAAC.sup.3'                                      CGAATGAGCTCCTAGGCGCCTATTTATTCATTGCTAG.sup.5'                                   Sau3a                                                                        ______________________________________                                    

In a purification procedure for Cys to Set analogs according to thepresent invention, about 10-15 g of cell paste was resuspended in 40 mlof 1 mM DTT and passed 3 times through a French Pressure Cell at 10,000psi. The broken cell suspension was centrifuged at 1,000 g for 30minutes. The pellet was resuspended in 1% DOC, 5 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, 50mM Tris, pH 9 and allowed to mix 30 minutes at room temperature. Themixture was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 minutes, resuspended in 40 mlH₂ O, and recentrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 minutes. The pellet wasdissolved in 10 ml of 2% Sarkosyl, 50 mM DTT, 50 mM Tris, pH 8. Aftermixing for 1 hour, the mixture was clarified by centrifugation at 20,000g for 30 minutes, and then applied to a 300 ml G-75 column equilibratedand run in 1% Sarkosyl, 50 mM Tris, pH 8. Fractions containing theanalog were pooled and allowed to air oxidize by standing with exposureto air for at least one day. Final concentrations ranged from 0.5-5mg/ml.

EXAMPLE 9

In this example, a mammalian cell expression system was devised toascertain whether an active polypeptide product of hpG-CSF DNA could beexpressed in and secreted by mammalian cells (COS-1, A.T.C.C. CRL-1650).This system was designed to provide for secretion of a polypeptideanalog of hpG-CSF via expression and secretory processing of a partiallysynthetic, partially cDNA-derived construction encoding [Ala¹ ] hpG-CSFpreceded by a leader polypeptide having the sequence of residuesattributed to human GM-CSF in Wong, et al., Science, 228, 810-815 (1985)and Lee, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 82, 4360-4364 (1985).

The expression vector employed for preliminary studies of expression ofpolypeptide products of the invention was a "shuttle" vectorincorporating both pBR322 and SV40 DNA which had been designed to allowfor autonomous replication in both E. coli and mammalian cells, withmammalian cell expression of inserted exogenous DNA under control of aviral promoter/regulator DNA sequence. This vector, designated pSVDM-19,harbored in E. coli HB101, was deposited Aug. 23, 1985, with theAmerican Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md.,and received the accession No. A.T.C.C. 53241.

The specific manipulations involved in the expression vectorconstruction were as follows. A leader-encoding DNA sequence wassynthesized as set out in Table XIII below.

                  TABLE XIII                                                      ______________________________________                                         ##STR14##                                                                     ##STR15##                                                                     ##STR16##                                                                    ______________________________________                                    

As indicated in Table XIII, the sequence includes HindIII and ApaIsticky ends and codons for the 17 amino acid residues attributed to the"leader" of human GM-CSF. There follow codons specifying an alanineresidue, a proline residue and a leucine residue. The proline andleucine residues duplicate the amino acids present at positions +2 and+3 of hpG-CSF, while the alanine residue is duplicative of the initialamino terminal (+1) residue of GM-CSF rather than hpG-CSF. Replacementof threonine by alanine was designed to be facilitative of proper hostcell "processing off" of the GM-CSF leader by cellular mechanismsordinarily involved in GM-CSF secretory processing.

Plasmid pSVDM-19 was digested with KpnI and the site was blunt endedwith Klenow enzyme. Thereafter the DNA was cut with HindIII. Theresulting large fragment was combined and ligated with the HindIII/PvuIIfragment shown in FIG. 2 (isolated from plasmid Ppo2 as the secondlargest fragment resulting from HindIII digestion and partial digestionwith PvuII) to form plasmid pSV-Ppo1. The manufactured GM-CSF leadersequence fragment of FIG. 3 was then ligated into pSV-Ppo1 (followingits cleavage with HindIII and ApaI) to yield plasmid pSVGM-Ppo1.

Calcium phosphate precipitates (1-5 μg) of plasmid pSVGM-Ppo1 DNA wastransformed into duplicate 60 mm plates of COS-1 cells essentially asdescribed in Wigler, et al., Cell, 14, 725-731 (1978). As a control,plasmid pSVDM-19 was also transformed into COS-1 cells. Tissue culturesupernatants were harvested 5 days post-transfection and assayed forhpG-CSF activity. Yields of [Ala¹ ]hpG-CSF from the culture supernatantwere on the order of 1 to 2.5 μg/ml.

Following successful expression of the [Ala¹ ]hpG-CSF product encodedplasmid pSVGM-Ppo1 in COS-1 cells, another vector was constructed whichincluded the human GM-CSF leader sequence but had a codon for athreonine residue (naturally occurring at position 1 of hpG-CSF)replacing the codon for alanine at that position. Briefly, anoligonucleotide was synthesized (^(5') CAGCATCTCTACACCTCTGGG) forsite-directed mutagenesis (SDM). The HindIII to BamHI hpG-CSF fragmentin pSVGM-Ppo1 was ligated into M13mp10 for the SDM. The newlysynthesized hpG-CSF gene containing a Thr codon in position one wasisolated by cleavage with HindIII and EcoRI. The fragment was thencloned into pSVDM-19 prepared by cleavage with the same two restrictionendonucleases. The resulting vector pSVGM-Ppo(Thr) was transformed intoCOS cells and the yields of hpG-CSF measured in the culture supernatesranged from 1 to 5 μg/ml.

Finally, the genomic sequence whose isolation is described in Example 5was employed to form an expression vector for mammalian cell expressionof hpG-CSF. More specifically, pSVDM-19 was digested with KpnI andHindIII and the large fragment used in a four-way ligation with asynthetic linker with HindIII and NcoI sticky ends, as shown in TableXIV. An NcoI-BamHI fragment containing exon 1 isolated from pBR322 (8500hpG-CSF), a genomic subclone, and a BamHI-KpnI fragment containing exons2-5 isolated from the plasmid pBR322 (8500 hpG-CSF genomic subclone).The resulting mammalian expression vector, pSV/ghG-CSF produced 1 to 2.5μg/ml of hpG-CSF from transformed COS cells.

                  TABLE XIV                                                       ______________________________________                                                 ##STR17##                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 10

This example relates to physical and biological properties orrecombinant polypeptide products of the invention.

1. Molecular Weight

Recombinant hpG-CSF products of E. coli expression as in Example 7 hadan apparent molecular weight of 18.8 kD when determined in reducingSDS-PAGE (as would be predicted from the deduced amino acid analysis ofFIG. 2), whereas natural isolates purified as described in Example 1 hadan apparent molecular weight of 19.6 kD. The presence of N-glycansassociated with the natural isolates could effectively be ruled out onthe basis of the lack of asparagine residues in the primary sequence ofhpG-CSF in FIG. 2 and therefore a procedure was devised to determined ifO-glycans were responsible for molecular weight differences betweennatural isolates and the non-glycosylated recombinant products.Approximately 5 μg of the natural isolate material was treated withneuraminidase (Calbiochem, LaJolla, Calif.), a 0.5 μg sample wasremoved, and the remaining material was incubated with 4 mU O-Glycanase(endo-x-n-acetylgalactoseaminidase, Genzyme, Boston, Mass.) at 37° C.Aliquots were removed after 1/2, 2 and 4 hours of incubation. Thesesamples were subjected to SDS-PAGE side by side with the E. coli derivedrecombinant material. After neuraminidase treatment, the apparentmolecular weight of the isolate shifted from 19.6 kD to 19.2 kD,suggestive of removal of a sialic acid residue. After 2 hours oftreatment with O-glycanase, the molecular weight shifted to 18.8kD--identical to the apparent molecular weight of the E. coli derivedmaterial. The sensitivity of the carbohydrate structure to neuraminidaseand O-glycanase suggests the following structure for the carbohydratecomponent: N-acetylneuraminic acid-α(2-6)galactose β (1-3)N-acetylgalactoseamine-R, wherein R is serine or threonine.

2. ³ H-Thymidine Uptake

Proliferation induction of human bone marrow cells was assayed on thebasis of increased incorporation of ³ H-thymidine. Human bone marrowfrom healthy donors was subjected to a density cut with Ficoll-Hypaque(1.077 g/ml, Pharmacia) and low density cells were suspended in Iscove'smedium (GIBCO) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and glutaminepen-strep. Subsequently, 2×10⁴ human bone marrow cells were incubatedwith either control medium or the recombinant E. coli material ofExample 7 in 96 flat bottom well plates at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ in air for 2days. The samples were assayed in duplicate and the concentration variedover a 10,000 fold range. Cultures were then pulsed for 4 hours with0.5μCi/well of ³ H-Thymidine (New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.). ³R-Thymidine uptake was measured as described in Ventua, et al., Blood,61, 781 (1983). In this assay human hpG-CSF isolates can induce ³H-Thymidine incorporation into human bone marrow cells at levelsapproximately 4-10 times higher than control supernatants. The E.coli-derived hpG-CSF material of Example 6 had similar properties.

A second human bone marrow cell proliferation study was carried outusing culture medium of transfected COS-1 cells as prepared in Example 9and yielded similar results, indicating that encoded polypeptideproducts were indeed secreted into culture medium as active materials.

3. WEHI-3B D⁺ Differentiation Induction

Capacity of recombinant, E. coli-derived materials to inducedifferentiation of the murine myelomonocytic leukemic cell line WEHI-3BD⁺ was assayed in semi-solid agar medium as described in Metcalf, Int.J. Cancer, 25, 225 (1980). The recombinant hpG-CSF product and mediacontrols were incubated with ˜60 WEHI-3B D⁺ cells/well at 37° C. in 5%CO₂ in air for 7 days. The samples were incubated in 24 flat bottom wellplates and the concentration varied over a 2000-fold range. Colonieswere classified as undifferentiated, partially differentiated or whollydifferentiated and colony cell counts were counted microscopically. TheE. coli recombinant material was found to induce differentiation.

4. CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM Assays

Natural isolates of pluripotent human G-CSF (hpG-CSF) and therecombinant pluripotent human G-CSF (rhpG-CSF) were found to cause humanbone marrow cells to proliferate and differentiate. These activitieswere measured in CFU-GM [Broxmeyer, et al., Exp.Hematol., 5, 87, (1971)]BFU-E and CFU-GEMM assays [Lu, et al., Blood, 61, 250 (1983)] using lowdensity, non-adherent bone marrow cells from healthy human volunteers. Acomparison of CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-GEmm biological activities usingeither 500 units of hpG-CSF or rhpG-CSF are shown in Table XV below.

All the colony assays were performed with low density non-adherent bonemarrow cells. Human bone marrow cells were subject to a density cut withFicoll-Hypaque (density, 1.077 g/cm³ ; Pharmacia). The low density cellswere then resuspended in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium containingfetal calf serum and placed for adherence on Falcon tissue culturedishes (No. 3003, Becton Dickenson, Cockeysville, Md.) for 1 1/2 hoursat 37° C.

                  TABLE XV                                                        ______________________________________                                                CFU-GM    BFU-E    CFU-GEMM                                           ______________________________________                                        Medium    0 ± 0    26 ± 1                                                                              0 ± 0                                       natural                                                                       hpG-CSF    83 ± 5.4                                                                              83 ± 6.7                                                                            4 ± 0                                       rhpG-CSF  87 ± 5   81 ± 0.1                                                                            6 ± 2                                       ______________________________________                                    

Medium control consisted of Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium plus 10%FCS, 0.2 mM hemin and 1 unit of recombinant erythropoietin.

For the CFU-GM assay target cells were plated at 1×10⁵ in 1 ml of 0.3%agar culture medium that included supplemented McCoy's 5A medium and 10%heat inactivated fetal calf serum. Cultures were scored for colonies(greater than 40 cells per aggregate) and morphology assessed on day 7of culture. The number of colonies is shown as the mean ±SEM asdetermined from quadruplicate plates.

For the BFU-E and CFU-GEMM assays, cells (1×10⁵) were added to a 1 mlmixture of Iscove's modified Dulbecco medium (Gibco), 0.8%methylcellulose, 30% fetal calf serum 0.05 nM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.2 mMhemin and 1 unit of recombinant erythropoietin. Dishes were incubated ina humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 5% O₂. Low oxygen tension wasobtained using an oxyreducer from Reming Bioinstruments (Syracuse,N.Y.). Colonies were scored after 14 days of incubation. The number ofcolonies is shown as the mean ±SEM, as determined from duplicate plates.

Colonies formed in the CFU-GM assay were all found to be chloracetateesterase positive and non-specific esterase (alpha-naphthyl acetateesterase) negative, consistent with the colonies being granulocyte intype. Both natural hpG-CSF and rhpG-CSF were found to have a specificactivity of a approximately 1×10⁸ U/mg pure protein, when assayed byserial dilution in a CFU-GM assay. The BFU-E and CFU-GEMM data in TableXV are representative of three separate experiments and similar to thedata reported previously for natural hpG-CSF. It is important to notethat the rhpG-CSF is extremely pure and free of other potentialmammalian growth factors by virtue of its production in E.coli. ThusrhpG-CSF is capable of supporting mixed colony formation (CFU-GEMM) andBFU-E when added in the presence of recombinant erythropoietin.

5. Cell Binding Assays

It was previously reported that WEHI-3B(D⁺) cells and human leukemiccells from newly diagnosed leukemias will bind ¹²⁵ I-labeled murineG-CSF and that this binding can be competed for by addition of unlabeledG-CSF or human CSF-β. The ability of natural hpG-CSF and rhpG-CSF tocompete for binding of ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF to human and murine leukemic cellswas tested. Highly purified natural hpG-CSF (>95% pure; 1 μg) wasiodinated [Tejedor, et al., Anal.Biochem., 127, 143 (1982)] wasseparated from reactants by gel filtration and ion exchangechromatography. The specific activity of the natural ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF wasapproximately 100 μCi/μg protein. Murine WEHI-3B(D⁺) and two humanperipheral blood myeloid leukemic cell preparations (ANLL, oneclassified as M4, the other as M5B) were tested for their ability tobind ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF.

The murine and freshly obtained human peripheral blood myeloid leukemiccells were washed three times with PBS/1% BSA. WEHI-3B(D⁺) cells (5×10⁶)or fresh leukemic cells (3×10⁶) were incubated in duplicate in PBS/1%BSA (100 μl) in the absence or presence of various concentrations(volume: 10 μl) of unlabeled hpG-CSF, rhpG-CSF or GM-CSF and in thepresence of ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF (approx. 100,000 cpm or 1 ng) at 0° C. for 90min. (total volume: 120 μl). Cells were then resuspended and layeredover 200 μl ice cold FCS in a 350 μl plastic centrifuge tube andcentrifuged (1000 g; 1 min.). The pellet was collected by cutting offthe end of the tube and pellet and supernatant counted separately in agamma counter (Packard).

Specific binding (cpm) was determined as total binding in the absence ofa competitor (mean of duplicates) minus binding (cpm) in the presence of100-fold excess of unlabeled hpG-CSF (non-specific binding). Thenon-specific binding was maximally 2503 cpm for WEHI-3B(D⁺) cells, 1072cpm for ANLL (M4) cells and 1125 cpm for ANLL (M5B) cells. Experimentsone and two were run on separate days using the same preparation of ¹²⁵I-hpG-CSF and displayed internal consistency in the percent inhibitionnoted for 2000 units of hpG-CSF. Data obtained are reported in FIG. 9.

As shown in FIG. 9, ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF demonstrated binding to theWEHI-3B(D⁺) leukemic cells. The binding was inhibited in a dosedependent manner by unlabeled natural hpG-CSF or rhpG-CSF, but not byGM-CSF. In addition, binding of natural hpG-CSF to human myelomonocyticleukemic cells (ANLL, M4) was observed. The binding to these cells isparalleled in response to natural hpG-CSF in liquid cultures bydifferentiation into mature macrophages as judged by morphology. Theabsence of binding of natural ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF to monocytic leukemic cellsfrom another patient (ANLL, M5B) suggests that certain leukemias maydifferentially express or lack receptors for hpG-CSF. The ability ofrhpG-CSF to compete for the binding of natural ¹²⁵ I-hpG-CSF, similar tonatural hpG-CSF, suggests that the receptors recognize both formsequally well.

These studies demonstrating the binding of natural ¹²⁵ I-labeled hpG-CSFto leukemic cells are paralleled in culture by the ability of naturalhpG-CSF to induce granulocytic and monocytic differentiation of lightdensity bond marrow cells obtained from one patient with an acutepromyelocytic leukemia (M3) and a second patient with an acutemyeloblastic leukemia (M2). Cells from each patient were cultured forfour days in medium alone or in the presence of 1×10⁵ units of rhpG-CSF.Cells from the M3 control cultures incubated in medium alone were stillpromyelocyte in type; while cells cultured in the presence of rhpG-CSFshowed mature cells of the myeloid type including a metamyelocyte, giantband form and segmented meutrophilis and monocyte. The actualdifferentials for this patient, on 100 cells evaluated for the control,100% promyelocytes, and for the rhpG-CSF treated cells, 22% blasts pluspromyelocytes, 7% myelocytes, 35% metamyelocytes, 20% band forms plussegmented neutrophils, 14% monocytes and 2% macrophages. Of note is thefact that one of the polymorphonuclear granulocytes still contained aprominent auer rod, suggesting that at least this cell represented adifferentiated cell belonging to the leukemic clone. Cells from thesecond patient with a myeloblastic leukemia (M2) were also cultured forfour days in the presence or absence of rhpG-CSF. Visual analysis of M2cells cultured in medium alone revealed large "blast-like" cells, someof which had nucleoli. Some of the M2 cells, when treated with rhpG-CSF,differentiated to mature segmented neutrophils displaying residual auerrods in the center neutrophil suggesting differentiation occurring in acell belonging to the leukemic clone. The actual differentiation of 100cells evaluated morphologically revealed that control cells consisted of100% blasts. The rhpG-CSF treated cells consisted of 43% blasts, 1%myelocytes, 15% metamyelocytes, 28% band forms plus segmentedneutrophils, 2% promonocytes and 11% monocytes. The leukemic cells werealso examined for differentiation at four other concentrations ofrhpG-CSF (5×10³, 1×10⁴, 2.5×10⁴ and 5×10⁴ U/ml, data not shown). Even atthe lowest concentration of rhpG-CSF tested (5×10³ U/ml), there wassignificant differentiation (cells differentiated beyond myelocytes) ofthe M3 (50%) and M2 (37%) leukemic cells.

6. Immunoassay

To prepare polyclonal antibodies for immunoassay use the antigenemployed was pluripotent G-CSF purified from the human bladder carcinomacell line 5637 (1A6) as prepared in Example 1 (B). This material wasjudged to be 85% pure based on silver nitrate staining of polyacrylamidegels. Six week-old Balb/C mice were immunized with multiple-sitesubcutaneous injections of antigen. The antigen was resuspended in PBSand emulsified with equal volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant. Thedose was 5 to 7 μg of antigen per mouse per injection. A boosterimmunization was administered 18 days later with the same amount ofantigen emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's incomplete adjuvant.4 days later mouse serum was taken to test for the antibody specific tohuman pluripotent G-CSF.

Dynatech Immulon II Removawell strips in holders (Dynateck Lab., Inc.,Alexandria, Va.) were coated with hpG-CSF 5 μg/ml in 50 mMcarbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.2. Wells were coated with 0.25 μg ina volume of 50 μl. Antigen coated plates were incubated 2 hours at roomtemperature and overnight at 4° C. The solution was decanted and theplates were incubated 30 minutes with PBS containing 5% BSA to block thereactive surface. This solution was decanted and the diluted preimmuneor test sera were added to the wells and incubated for 2 hours at roomtemperature. Sera were diluted with PBS, pH 7.0 containing 1% BSA. Theserum solution was decanted and plates were washed three times with WashSolution (KPL, Gaithersburg, Md.). Approximately 200,000 cpm ofiodinated rabbit anti-mouse IgG (NEN, Boston, Mass.) in 50 μl PBS, pH7.0 containing 1% BSA was added to each well. After incubating 1 1/2hours at room temperature, the solution was decanted and plates werewashed 5 times with Wash Solution. Wells were removed from holder andcounted in a Beckman 5500 gamma counter. High-titered mouse sera showedgreater than 12-fold higher reactivity than the corresponding preimmunesera at a dilution of 1:100.

The immunological properties of E. coli-derived hpG-CSF were determinedby reactivity to high-titered mouse serum specific to mammalian-cellderived hpG-CSF. 0.25 μg of 90% pure E. coli-derived protein was coatedto Immulon II Removawells in a volume of 50 μl and mouse serum wasassayed as described above.

High-titered mouse sera showed a 24-fold higher reactivity to the E.coli-derived material than did the corresponding preimmune sera at adilution of 1:100.

7. Serine Analog Bioassays

[Ser¹⁷ ]hpG-CSF, [Ser³⁶ ]hpG-CSF, [Ser⁴² ]hpG-CSF, [Ser⁶⁴ ]hpG-CSF, and[Ser⁷⁴ ]hpG-CSF products prepared according to Example 9 were assayedfor hpG-CSF activity in the ³ H-thymidine uptake, CFU-GM, and WEHI3B D⁺assays. In each assay, the [Ser¹⁷ ] analog had activity comparable tothat of recombinant molecules having the native structure. The remaininganalogs had on the order of 100-fold lesser activity in the ³H-thymidine uptake assay, 250-fold lesser activity in the CFU-GM assay,and 500-fold lesser activity in the WEHI-3B D⁺ assay. This data issupportive of the proposition that cysteines at positions 36, 42, 64 and74 may be needed for full biological activity.

8. In vivo Bioassay

Alzet® osmotic pumps (Alzet Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.; Model 2001) wereconnected to indwelling right jugular vein catheters and implantedsubcutaneously in seven male Syrian golden hamster. Four of the pumpscontained a buffer [20 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.4) and 37 mM sodiumchloride] and 1.5 mg/ml E.coli-derived hpG-CSF while 3 contained bufferalone. The claimed pumping rate for the osmotic pumps was 1microliter/hr. for up to seven days. At the third day after implantationof the pumps, the mean granulocyte count of the four treated hamsterswas six-fold higher than that of the three (buffer) controls and theincreased granulocyte count was reflected in a four-fold increase intotal lymphocytes. Erythrocyte count was unchanged by treatment. Theseresults indicate that the recombinant material produces a specificenhancement of production and/or release of granulocytes in a mammal.

In addition to naturally-occurring allelic forms of hpG-CSF, the presentinvention also embraces other hpG-CSF products such as polypeptideanalogs of hpG-CSF and fragments of hpG-CSF. Following the procedures ofthe above-noted published application by Alton, et al. (WO/83/04053) onemay readily design and manufacture genes coding for microbial expressionof polypeptides having primary conformations which differ from thatherein specified for in terms of the identity or location of one or moreresidues (e.g., substitutions, terminal and intermediate additions anddeletions). Alternately, modifications of cDNA and genomic genes may bereadily accomplished by well-known site-directed mutagenesis techniquesand employed to generate analogs and derivatives. Such products wouldshare at least one of the biological properties of hpG-CSF but maydiffer in others. As examples, projected products of the inventioninclude those which are foreshortened by e.g., deletions; or those whichare more stable to hydrolysis (and, therefore, may have more pronouncedor longer lasting effects than naturally-occurring); or which have beenaltered to delete one or more a potential sites for o-glycosylation(which may result in higher activities for yeast-produced products); orwhich have one or more cysteine residues deleted or replaced by, e.g.,alanine or serine residues and are potentially more easily isolated inactive form from micrbial systems; or which have one or more tyrosineresidues replaced by phenylalanine and may bind more or less readily tohpG-CSF receptors on target cells. Also comprehended are polypeptidefragments duplicating only a part of the continuous amino acid sequenceor secondary conformations within hpG-CSF, which fragments may possessone activity of (e.g., receptor binding) and not others (e.g., colonygrowth stimulating activity). It is noteworthy that activity is notnecessary for any one or more of the products of the invention to havetherapeutic utility [see, Weiland, et al., Blut, 44, 173-175 (1982)] orutility in other contexts, such as in assays of hpG-CSF antagonism.Competitive antagonists may be quite useful in, for example, cases ofoverproduction of hpG-CSF.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the DNA sequencedescribed herein which encodes hpG-CSF polypeptides is valuable for theinformation which it provides concerning the amino acid sequence of themammalian protein which has heretofore been unavailable despiteanalytical processing of isolates of naturally-occurring products. TheDNA sequences are also conspicuously valuable as products useful ineffecting the large scale microbial synthesis of hpG-CSF by a variety ofrecombinant techniques. Put another way, DNA sequences provided by theinvention are useful in generating new and useful viral and circularplasmid DNA vectors, new and useful transformed and transfectedmicrobial procaryotic and eucaryotic host cells (including bacterial andyeast cells and mammalian cells grown in culture), and new and usefulmethods for cultured growth of such microbial host cells capable ofexpression of hpG-CSF and its related products. DNA sequences of theinvention are also conspicuously suitable materials for use as labelledprobes in isolating hpG-CSF and related protein encoding human genomicDNA as well as cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of other mammalianspecies. DNA sequences may also be useful in various alternative methodsof protein synthesis (e.g., in insect cells) or in genetic therapy inhumans and other mammals. DNA sequences of the invention are expected tobe useful in developing transgenic mammalian species which may serve aseucaryotic "hosts" for production of hpG-CSF and hpG-CSF products inquantity. See, generally, Palmiter, et al., Science, 222(4625), 809-814(1983).

Of applicability to hpG-CSF fragments and polypeptide analogs of theinvention are reports of the immunological activity of syntheticpeptides which substantially duplicate the amino acid sequence extant innaturally-occurring proteins, glycoproteins and nucleoproteins. Morespecifically, relatively low molecular weight polypeptides have beenshown to participate in immune reactions which are similar in durationand extent to the immune reactions of physiologically significantproteins such as viral antigens, polypeptide hormones, and the like.Included among the immune reactions of such polypeptides is theprovocation of the formation of specific antibodies in immunologicallyactive animals. See, e.g., Lerner, et al., Cell, 23, 309-310 (1981);Ross, et al., Nature, 294, 654-656 (1981); Walter, et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 77, 5197-5200 (1980); Lerner, et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 78, 3403-3407 (1981); Walter, et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. (USA), 78, 4882-4886 (1981); Wong, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. (USA), 78, 7412-7416 (1981); Green, et al., Cell, 28, 477-487(1982); Nigg, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 79, 5322-5326(1982); Baron, et al., Cell, 28, 395-404 (1982); Dreesman, et al.,Nature, 295, 185-160 (1982); and Lerner, Scientific American, 248, No.2, 66-74 (1983). See, also, Kaiser, et al., Science, 223, 249-255 (1984)relating to biological and immunological activities of syntheticpeptides which approximately share secondary structures of peptidehormones but may not share their primary structural conformation.

While the present invention has been described in terms of preferredembodiments, it is understood that variations and modifications willoccur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that theappended claims cover all such equivalent variations which come withinthe scope of the invention as claimed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating a mammal for bacterialinflammation comprising an effective amount of a hpG-CSF polypeptidehaving an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:##STR18## and analogs thereof wherein one or more of the cysteineresidues at positions 17, 36, 42, 64 and 74 are replaced by serine.
 2. Amethod for providing granulocytopoietic therapy to a mammal comprisingadministering an effective amount of a hpG-CSF polypeptide having anamino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

    __________________________________________________________________________        +1                           +10                                              Thr                                                                              Pro                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gly Pro                                                                              Ala                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ser Leu                                                                              Pro                                                                           +20                                              Gln                                                                              Ser                                                                              Phe                                                                              Leu Leu                                                                              Lys                                                                              Cys                                                                              Leu Glu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +30                                              Val                                                                              Arg                                                                              Lys                                                                              Ile Gln                                                                              Gly                                                                              Asp                                                                              Gly Ala                                                                              Ala                                                                           +40                                              Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                              Glu                                                                              Lys Leu                                                                              Cys                                                                              Ala                                                                              Thr Tyr                                                                              Lys                                                                           +50                                              Leu                                                                              Cys                                                                              His                                                                              Pro Glu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Leu                                                                              Val Leu                                                                              Leu                                                                           +60                                              Gly                                                                              His                                                                              Ser                                                                              Leu Gly                                                                              Ile                                                                              Pro                                                                              Trp Ala                                                                              Pro                                                                           +70                                              Leu                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ser                                                                              Cys Pro                                                                              Ser                                                                              Gln                                                                              Ala Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +80                                              Leu                                                                              Ala                                                                              Gly                                                                              Cys Leu                                                                              Ser                                                                              Gln                                                                              Leu His                                                                              Ser                                                                           +90                                              Gly                                                                              Leu                                                                              Phe                                                                              Leu Tyr                                                                              Gln                                                                              Gly                                                                              Leu Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +100                                             Ala                                                                              Leu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Gly Ile                                                                              Ser                                                                              Pro                                                                              Glu Leu                                                                              Gly                                                                           +110                                             Pro                                                                              Thr                                                                              Leu                                                                              Asp Thr                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                              Leu Asp                                                                              Val                                                                           +120                                             Ala                                                                              Asp                                                                              Phe                                                                              Ala Thr                                                                              Thr                                                                              Ile                                                                              Trp Gln                                                                              Gln                                                                           +130                                             Met                                                                              Glu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Leu Gly                                                                              Met                                                                              Ala                                                                              Pro Ala                                                                              Leu                                                                           +140                                             Gln                                                                              Pro                                                                              Thr                                                                              Gln Gly                                                                              Ala                                                                              Met                                                                              Pro Ala                                                                              Phe                                                                           +150                                             Ala                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ala                                                                              Phe Gln                                                                              Arg                                                                              Arg                                                                              Ala Gly                                                                              Gly                                                                           +160                                             Val                                                                              Leu                                                                              Val                                                                              Ala Ser                                                                              His                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gln Ser                                                                              Phe                                                                           +170                                             Leu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Val                                                                              Ser Tyr                                                                              Arg                                                                              Val                                                                              Leu Arg                                                                              His                                                       +174                                                                 Leu                                                                              Ala                                                                              Gln                                                                              Pro;                                                             and                                                                           -1  +1                           +10                                          Met Thr                                                                              Pro                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gly Pro                                                                              Ala                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ser Leu                                                                              Pro                                                                           +20                                              Gln                                                                              Ser                                                                              Phe                                                                              Leu Leu                                                                              Lys                                                                              Cys                                                                              Leu Glu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +30                                              Val                                                                              Arg                                                                              Lys                                                                              Ile Gln                                                                              Gly                                                                              Asp                                                                              Gly Ala                                                                              Ala                                                                           +40                                              Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                              Glu                                                                              Lys Leu                                                                              Cys                                                                              Ala                                                                              Thr Tyr                                                                              Lys                                                                           +50                                              Leu                                                                              Cys                                                                              His                                                                              Pro Glu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Leu                                                                              Val Leu                                                                              Leu                                                                           +60                                              Gly                                                                              His                                                                              Ser                                                                              Leu Gly                                                                              Ile                                                                              Pro                                                                              Trp Ala                                                                              Pro                                                                           +70                                              Leu                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ser                                                                              Cys Pro                                                                              Ser                                                                              Gln                                                                              Ala Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +80                                              Leu                                                                              Ala                                                                              Gly                                                                              Cys Leu                                                                              Ser                                                                              Gln                                                                              Leu His                                                                              Ser                                                                           +90                                              Gly                                                                              Leu                                                                              Phe                                                                              Leu Tyr                                                                              Gln                                                                              Gly                                                                              Leu Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                           +100                                             Ala                                                                              Leu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Gly Ile                                                                              Ser                                                                              Pro                                                                              Glu Leu                                                                              Gly                                                                           +110                                             Pro                                                                              Thr                                                                              Leu                                                                              Asp Thr                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gln                                                                              Leu Asp                                                                              Val                                                                           +120                                             Ala                                                                              Asp                                                                              Phe                                                                              Ala Thr                                                                              Thr                                                                              Ile                                                                              Trp Gln                                                                              Gln                                                                           +130                                             Met                                                                              Glu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Leu Gly                                                                              Met                                                                              Ala                                                                              Pro Ala                                                                              Leu                                                                           +140                                             Gln                                                                              Pro                                                                              Thr                                                                              Gln Gly                                                                              Ala                                                                              Met                                                                              Pro Ala                                                                              Phe                                                                           +150                                             Ala                                                                              Ser                                                                              Ala                                                                              Phe Gln                                                                              Arg                                                                              Arg                                                                              Ala Gly                                                                              Gly                                                                           +160                                             Val                                                                              Leu                                                                              Val                                                                              Ala Ser                                                                              His                                                                              Leu                                                                              Gln Ser                                                                              Phe                                                                           +170                                             Leu                                                                              Glu                                                                              Val                                                                              Ser Tyr                                                                              Arg                                                                              Val                                                                              Leu Arg                                                                              His                                                       +174                                                                 Leu                                                                              Ala                                                                              Gln                                                                              Pro;                                                             __________________________________________________________________________

and analogs thereof wherein one or more cysteines residues located atpositions 17, 36, 42, 64 and 74 are replaced by serine.
 3. A method ofclaim 2 wherein said therapy is in conjunction with chemotherapy.
 4. Amethod of claim 2 wherein said therapy is in conjunction with radiationtherapy.
 5. A method of claim 2 wherein said therapy is in conjunctionwith removal of blood progenitor cells.